2. Why do we know that there was a beaten, scourged and crucified man laid in this cloth?

Facial image (front) © 1978, Vernon Miller 1. There is blood on the face and the hair indicating that there were numerous puncture wounds at the head that could have been caused by a cap of thorns.

Picture of man being laid on cloth copyright, © Holy Shroud Guild Back of head © 1978, Vernon Miller

Facial image 2. This man’s face was beaten. Note: The swelling under right eye as if beaten with a fist or a stick.	© 1978, Vernon Miller
Picture of chest 3. This man was pierced. Note: The elliptical wound at the top of the blood flow of the chest, which may have been made by a lance.	© 1978, Vernon Miller

4. This man was scourged.
Scourge marks © 1978, Vernon Miller	Note: The flesh wounds on the back of the man of the shroud. They are similar to the kind of wounds that would have been made by a first century Roman flagrum. From an archeological point of view, these wounds suggest a first-century event. First century Roman flagrum © Holy Shroud Guild Back of the man in the shroud Note how the scourge marks are slanted upward, horizontal, then downward on the legs, as if a soldier was standing behind the man and hitting him.	© Holy Shroud Guild

5. Because he was crucified.
Blood on the wrists © 1978, Vernon Miller	Note: The direction of the flow of the blood mark. The arm had to have been in the position of crucifixion in order for this blood follow the force of gravity.
Back of the feet © 1978, Vernon Miller	Note: The blood at the feet indicate that the feet were also nailed.

---

6. If the above does not convince you, then study the following forensic medical evidence that confirms that this man died in the position of crucifixion.
Front image of the Shroud © Holy Shroud Guild Note: the off- image blood mark at the left elbow; how did this off- image blood mark originate? No one knew until the 1980’s.	Off-image blood mark © 1998, Gilbert R. Lavoie Note: the full-size tracing of the off-image blood mark.	A partial tracing © 1998, Gilbert R. Lavoie Note: the tracing is laid over a man.	Side view of tracing © 1998, Gilbert R. Lavoie Note: how the tracing drapes around the side of the body, simulating a cloth drape and how it touches the back of his upper arm

© 1998, Gilbert R. Lavoie

Notes:

The above forensic study demonstrates the following:

1. The shroud cloth covered the three-dimensional figure of a crucified man as shown by the cloth drape.

2. The blood marks were made when the cloth came in contact with moist blood clots that were on the body. The transfer of a moist blood clot from body to cloth is a physical and mechanical event that we can easily understand.

3. The image was not made by a contact process otherwise one would see the back of the upper arm where the off-image blood mark is. Therefore, the image was not formed by cloth coming in contact with sweat or organic matter on a body. We do not know how the image was formed.

4. The formation of image and the blood marks are two separate events.

For more information on the forensic study of the shroud read Resurrected, chapter 1, 5, 6, and 7.